Descartes Existence of God Essay Example for Free

Descartes Existence of God Essay The existence of God has been a question since the idea of God was conceived. Descartes tries to prove Gods existence, to disprove his Evil demon theory, and to show that there is without a doubt something external to ones own existence. He is looking for a definite certainty, a foundation for which he can base all of his beliefs and know for a fact that they are true. Descartes overall project is to find a definite certainty on which he can base all his knowledge and beliefs. A foundation that he will be able to prove without a doubt. To find a definite certainty he uses a methodical doubt, this states that anything that could be doubted must be taken as false. This is done to find an absolute certainty for which to base all knowledge. Descartes develops his Evil Genius theory to bring doubt to all senses and hence making them false. The theory says that it is possible that there is someone (an evil genius) who is controlling our mind. If so we wouldnt be sure whether or not what we see was real or just a dream, therefore all of our senses would be doubtable and thus taken as false. This theory proves that nothing external is certain and must be proven false to continue his quest for truth and certainty. Descartes second meditation gives a definite certainty for which to use as his foundation to build his beliefs. Then his third meditation proves the existence of God and the external world, while disproving the evil genius theory. That definite certainty that cannot be doubted, is the fact that I exist. Whenever I utter or think I am I know this to be absolutely true, without doubt. From this definite foundation Descartes tries to prove that there is something external to the mind. So he states the law of casualty. This basically says that nothing can be created from nothing, and that the less perfect can not create something more perfect or better than itself. Then if there is an idea in our minds that we didnt create, something else created it. If God is more perfect than us, then we could not have created God but God created us. Descartes then wrote about the idea of God. He said that God is infinite and could not have been created by us because God is more perfect than us thus undoubtable and certain. The idea that God exists disproves the Evil Genius theory therefore proves the existence of an external world. Anslem and Descartes theories both prove that there is a God and they both use some similar ideas in their premises. For instance, they both rely on the faith that there is an idea of God; he is perfect and self evident. God could not have been conceived if there wasnt a God. Though, Descartes says that the less perfect can not create something more perfect or better than itself, and that we are less perfect than God therefore we could not have created God. So, this proves the existence of God and an external world. On the other hand, Anslem says Existence is greater than conception and nothing greater can be conceived then God. Therefore God must exist. In my opinion descatres has successfully proven the existence of God as well as one can because he started from the beginning and logically found a true foundation of beliefs and from there proved the existence of God and an external world. consequently making our senses less doubtable, and more certain.

Identifying An Organizational Structure In A Startup Business Essay

Identifying An Organizational Structure In A Startup Business Essay Organizational structure contains activities such as coordination, supervision and task allocation, which are directed towards all achievement aimed by an organization. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their environment and the organization. Most likely there are many organizations that have graded structures, but not all companies do follow the grading steps. Most organizations are with variants of gathered entities. Different organizations have different variants of gathered entities. An organization can be structured in different other ways. It all depends on their objectives. The structure of the organization would determine the modes in which it performs and operates. An organizational structure allows the expressed distribution of responsibilities for different processes and functions to various and different units such as the department, workgroup, branch, and individual. All organizational structure does affect any organizational actions in mainly two big ways. Firstly, an organizational structure provides foundation on which standard routines rest and operating procedures. Secondly, the organizational structure determines which individuals get to do which particular decision-making processes, and also to extent their views in shaping the organizations work actions. Types of Organizational Structure 1.2.1 Bureaucratic structure Bureaucratic structures have their certain grade of standardization. They are more suited for larger scale or more complex organizations. They usually have a very tall structure. Then strain between non-bureaucratic and bureaucratic structures is reverberated in Burns and Stalker distinction between organic and mechanistic structures. It is not the entire thing about bureaucratic structure. It is very much complex and useful for graded structured organization, mostly and mainly in tall organizations. The other way of understanding the characteristics of bureaucracy structure are a ranked structure, a clear defined responsibilities and roles, also a respect for merit. 1.2.2 Functional structure All employees within the functional divisions of an organization are often to perform a specified set of tasks, for example in the engineering department; there would be a specified group of engineers that would be staffed. For example, they could be staffed with software engineers. This could lead to a lack of communication between the functional groups within the organization. This would make the organization very inflexible and slow. A functional organization is best suited for producer of standardized services and goods at large volume at low cost. Specialization and coordination of tasks are normally centralized in the functional structure, which makes it to produce a limited amount of services or products expectable and efficient. Efficiencies can be realized as functional organizations integrate their activities vertically so that products those are distributed and sold quickly at low cost. A small business could start making the mechanisms it requires for production of their products instead of just procuring the product from an external organization. It is not only beneficial for an organization; it is also beneficial for the employeeà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s faiths 1.2.3 Divisional Structure This is also known as a product structure, the divisional or product structure divides every organizational function into different division. Each and division within the divisional structure consist of all the necessary functions resources and within it. Divisions are categorized in different points of view. One might make distinctions on a product basis /service basis or on geographical. Different products for different customers: households or companies. Another good example is an automobile company; they have different division such as a division for the four heel drive, a division for sedan car, a division for compact cars and more. Each division might have their own sales, marketing and engineering departments. 1.2.4 Matrix structure The matrix structure gathers employees by both product and function. This structure combines the best of both separate structures. A matrix organization normally uses groups of employees to complete any work, this is to make up for the weaknesses, as well as to take advantage of the strengths, of the decentralized and functional forms. For example a company produces two products, product A and product B. Product A would have different and various departments, product B would have the exact same structure and departments as the product A. Matrix structure is the purest of all the organizational structures, it is the most simple structure in emulating the companies demonstration. 1.3 Type of Company This company organizes parties. It is a party planner company. This company plans all sorts of parties in any celebration. For example the organization does organise parties for wedding, birthdays, and many other functions in schools, companies and more. This company provides catering service too. Cleaning service after any function or ceremony is provided if this company had managed the event. Event management is the application of project management to the development and creation of events, conferences, and festivals. Event management includes studying the details of the brand, identifying the objectives of the audience, planning the concept of the event, planning the logistics and organizing the technical features before actually trying to execute the modalities of the planned event. The events that this company does are; making games in a birthday party. For example, for a childà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s birthday party that is twelve years and below, we provide them with clowns, magicians, and simple events such as musical chairs for the kids. For birthday party of the adults, sixteenth birthday would be a great example, this company provides disk jockey (DJ) to have some music, this company provides the state of the art lighting service, and more. For parties that this company plans for a wedding is small games for the groom and the bridegroom. These games are chosen by our customers. The games that we provide are not only for the groom and bride groom but it is also for the people who attends the wedding ceremony. 1.4 Functional Structure The organizational structure that had been chosen for this company is the divisional structure. This is because this structure has the simplest form of organizing people into different departments to prepare the necessary needs in the organization. The main reason of choosing this structure is that we could divide groups of people into department. For example; a group of people will be on the in the lighting department, a group of people will be in the music department, a group of people will be in the cleaning department and many more. 1.4.1 Advantages: The advantage of having this structure is that the manager or the boss of this organization can easily see the process of network of the people working under them. It is easy to organize people in this structure in order to make things happen. It is also easy to control the employees or workers in this form. 1.4.2 Disadvantages: The disadvantages are that if the company does not have enough workers the organization has to find for new fresh workers. The managers cannot just move employees from department A into another department B. This is because department A would be lacking of workers to finish work on time. 1.5 Illustration of Functional Structure Foreman (arrangement) Foreman (cleaning department) Foreman (music) Foreman (lighting) Site Agent Material Buying Work Scheduling Office Project Manager Project Manager Project Manager Finance Director Personnel Director Site Operation Director Marketing Director Managing director 1.6 Conclusion This structure Is really the best for all event managing companies. This structure helps a lot in dividing groups in various kinds of departments and making it so easy for the managers to manage the progress very smoothly without any problem. The fear of facing the weakness of this company is sometimes very terrifying and it would not be as terrifying at times. The terrifying moment of weakness is when the company Is lack of workers at the last minute. that is really a bad news for this kind of organizational structure.

The Character of Mrs. Norris in Mansfield Park Essay -- Mansfield Park

The Character of Mrs. Norris in Mansfield Park  Ã‚  Ã‚   For any character there are three main ways of learning about them. Firstly, how the character themselves thinks and behaves. Secondly, how other characters respond to the character. Lastly, how the author discusses the character is very revealing. Each of these views of Mrs. Norris is provided by the author. Mrs Norris is only related to Mansfield Park through her sister, Lady Bertram. While she may not have managed to make the affluent marriage that her sister did, there is no doubting her love of money. Sir Thomas Bertram provides an income for Mrs Norris' husband, a member of the clergy. This enables them to live in comfort and in close proximity to the house at Mansfield Park. Mrs Norris is possibly the shallowest character in the community of Mansfield Park. She has no qualms about marrying for security, not love. Outward appearance is everything to her, especially how others perceive her. However, this leads her to make decisions for the wrong reasons: "[She] found herself obliged to be attached to the Rev. Mr Norris". When Rev. Mr Norris dies, Austen hints at the perhaps loveless marriage that Mrs Norris was a part of: "[She] consoled herself by considering that she could do very well wit... ...ever received kindness from her aunt. Jane Austen is always influencing our view of Mrs Norris, whether directly or indirectly. Mrs Norrisà ­ own actions show what an opinionated, bossy woman she is. While the relative indifference of those around may more suggestive of their own characters, it shows how oppressive she is. Finally, Austen herself directly affects what we think of Mrs Norris with her own commentary in the the text. There are moments of authorial voice that simply give frank insights into the character of Mrs Norris. The summation of these three points is how the reader comes to an understanding of Mrs Norris.    The Character of Mrs. Norris in Mansfield Park Essay -- Mansfield Park The Character of Mrs. Norris in Mansfield Park  Ã‚  Ã‚   For any character there are three main ways of learning about them. Firstly, how the character themselves thinks and behaves. Secondly, how other characters respond to the character. Lastly, how the author discusses the character is very revealing. Each of these views of Mrs. Norris is provided by the author. Mrs Norris is only related to Mansfield Park through her sister, Lady Bertram. While she may not have managed to make the affluent marriage that her sister did, there is no doubting her love of money. Sir Thomas Bertram provides an income for Mrs Norris' husband, a member of the clergy. This enables them to live in comfort and in close proximity to the house at Mansfield Park. Mrs Norris is possibly the shallowest character in the community of Mansfield Park. She has no qualms about marrying for security, not love. Outward appearance is everything to her, especially how others perceive her. However, this leads her to make decisions for the wrong reasons: "[She] found herself obliged to be attached to the Rev. Mr Norris". When Rev. Mr Norris dies, Austen hints at the perhaps loveless marriage that Mrs Norris was a part of: "[She] consoled herself by considering that she could do very well wit... ...ever received kindness from her aunt. Jane Austen is always influencing our view of Mrs Norris, whether directly or indirectly. Mrs Norrisà ­ own actions show what an opinionated, bossy woman she is. While the relative indifference of those around may more suggestive of their own characters, it shows how oppressive she is. Finally, Austen herself directly affects what we think of Mrs Norris with her own commentary in the the text. There are moments of authorial voice that simply give frank insights into the character of Mrs Norris. The summation of these three points is how the reader comes to an understanding of Mrs Norris.   

International Organizations Essay -- Foreign Relations

According to Pease (2012), an international organization are conceived as formal institutions whose members are states and these are divided into two sub-groups called intergovernmental organizations (IGO) and non-governmental organizations (NGO). An IGO consists of states that voluntarily join, contribute financially, and assist in the decision making process. All of their members’ resolves, structures, and administrative protocols are clearly outlined in the treaty or charter. An example of an IGO is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). First, all IGOs comes from an established government which can be further categorized by rules of membership which qualifies NATO because it is an alliance of about 30 members from North America and Europe. Secondly, IGOs can have limited participation in membership or restricted membership which qualifies NATO because this is a security agreement and it limits its involvement by confining it to an amalgamation of specific gove rnmental, geographical, and martial considerations. Thirdly, IGOs are categorized by their purpose meaning the member can be multi or general purpose organization and they can take on any global issue (Pease, 2012). This qualifies NATO because over the years the organization has participated in several international war related issues such as the Korean War and the Cold War. Most recently, NATO, for the first time in history had to engage Article 5 of the treaty after the 9/11 attacks in New York City and the no-fly zone in the country of Libya. The other kind of International Organization (IO) is the NGO which are primarily non-profit private organizations that engage in a variety of international activities (Pease, 2012 p. 4). They are able to particip... ...n order for the regime itself to be modified or separate altogether, the philosophies and standards that are the common bond between stakeholders will be modified. There are three main arguments concerning the discussion over the amount of power regimes have in the international system. The neo-realist argument is the first one where regimes are not merely considered as inadequate, but sometimes deceptive. This perspective is regarded as conventional structural. Keohane and Stein support the second argument, which states that regimes have certain worth, but only under particular conditions. Finally, the Grotian argument perceives regimes as an essential, secondary phenomenon feature of human nature. The connection of international and domestic stakeholders, through benefits, influence, standards, societies, and knowledge lead to the likely development of regimes.

Chopins Lilacs and the Story of the Annunciation :: Chopin Lilacs Essays

Chopin's Lilacs and the Story of the Annunciation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   When the theologian Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza writes that the myth of the Virgin Mary "sanctions a deep psychological and institutional split" (59) among women in the Catholic tradition, she captures what Kate Chopin also captured in her story "Lilacs." There, sisterhood between secular and religious women appears fragmented and nearly impossible. To scrutinize the division, Kate Chopin fashions her story around the portion of the Virgin Mary myth told in St. Luke's gospel of the Annunciation of the birth of Jesus spoken to Mary by the archangel Gabriel. Working with that text, "Lilacs" mocks a tradition prizing virginity and separating the cloistered from the secular. Irony prevails, but so too does the sorrow born of religious restraint and condemnation. From the tension in the Annunciation between the virginal and the non-virginal comes ages of women divided from one another on the basis of chastity and divided internally into spiritual and physical selves.    Chopin's "Lilacs" plays out this division on the grounds of a Sacred Heart convent and in the apartments of a Parisian mondaine to question whether a life almost wholly spiritual or a life almost wholly physical can be anything but the subject of ridicule. The narrator tempts us to enjoy the ridicule only to have us feel more painfully at the story's end the dolorous effects of con strained desire, effects which diminish both nun and secular woman.    As a story that draws so heavily on the details and symbols of the Annunciation story, "Lilacs," we could assume, would want to remind us of Mary's (and, by extension, woman's) salvific role as the vessel chosen by God to ensure humankind's redemption. But "Lilacs" fails to announce the good news for women as it sees too clearly that what was salvific for humankind ended up dividing women within themselves and within the Catholic tradition because of that tradition's insistence on Mary's virginity before and after childbirth. This insistence separated the ideal virginal mother from real women and mothers whose joyously experienced sexuality closed the doors to work within the clerical ministry even until today. The Annunciation story for Kate Chopin is a story told at the expense of women's sexuality and spirituality, full and complementary as they might have been. The notion of a failed annunciation, then, opens "Lilacs": "Mme. Adrienne Farival never announced her coming.

English †comparing 1984 & The Handmaid’s Tale Essay

In The Handmaid’s Tale Margaret Atwood puts across the sense of mystery, things that were once there but are no more. She talks about ‘the pungent smell of sweat, shot through with the sweet smell of chewing gum and perfume’ which came from the girls who once watched the basketball matches that were ‘formally played there’. In the first section of this book we get the feeling that the character is quite lost, lost in what once was and not in the here and now. She tells us about the dances that ‘would have been held there’ and the lingering music that she could still hear very faintly. We get the feeling that this women has very little, no personal belongings, no wealth; nothing. The fact that the women in this building were not even allowed to exchange names tells the reader that this is some kind of prison, the women have no freedom they are constantly being watched by the ‘Angels’ likewise in Nineteen Eighty-Four written by George Orwell there is a significant similarity between the ‘Angels’ in The Handmaid’s Tale and the Posters in Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Angels watch over the women and in Nineteen Eighty-Four the poster which is described as a ‘one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move.’ Watch over everyone who passes by it. Beneath it the caption read ‘BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU’ giving off the impression that someone, somewhere is watching this middle aged man. The man described on the poster some might say could only be the description of Hitler; ‘a man of about forty-five, with s heavy black moustache and ruggedly handsome features’ Winston also tells us that the posters were ‘plastered everywhere’ also revealing, like The Handmaid’s Tale that nowhere is safe. Adding to this is the telescreen, which cannot be switched off again may be a sign that someone or something is always watching you, and that you are never alone. Both the Angels and the Posters in these books are very intimidating figures or ‘objects of fear.’ The Angels did not look or talk to the women just stood with their backs to them to show domination. Correspondingly the ‘enormous face, more than a metre wide’ plastered on the walls with the eyes that followed you when you move is also seen as a sign of domination. The two figures show signs of both aggression and great importance, the fact that the Angles will not talk or look at the women tells us that they are seen as more significant than them. In addition to this the fact that there are so many of these posters and the fixating look on the enormous face also shows great discomfort and stress.

Dewey’s Progressive Era

John Dewey was rather important figure in the history of education. Despite the fact that his progressive ideas aren’t accepted widely, some of his concepts and ideas are quite popular among today’s teachers. Actually, Dewey’s idea was to promote democratic education at school based on philosophies of Plato and Rousseau. Dewey wanted to prove that teaching wasn’t simply remembering, paraphrasing and answering lessons; instead, he argued that experiences, knowledge and skills should be integrated into students’ studying process.Actually, such concept refers to school of Pragmatism. (Hickman 1992) Some teachers like Dewey’s idea of learning by doing. It is stated that Dewey’s progressive education became popular after the Cold War period. Dewey is known to be the founder of standard-based education reform, outcome-based education and NCTM standard. Dewey positively influenced teaching process in many public and private schools.For exampl e, Dewey provided an idea that teachers should focus on intellectual development of students, their critical and creative thinking instead of learning material by heart. He showed that education is strongly connected with democratic process in society: â€Å"Democracy has to be born anew every generation, and education is its midwife†. (Martin 2003) Also teachers realized that personal growth and exploration ensure better results and are more interesting for students. They become more motivated to study. Judgment is one more focus rather than knowledge.Simply saying, students have to become grown-ups who â€Å"are able to pass judgments pertinently and discriminatingly on the problems of human living†. (Martin 2003) Dewey’s contribution is that many schools nowadays tri to help students to learn how to survive and to succeed in life, how to cooperate with others, etc. Dewey often argued that â€Å"in a complex society, ability to understand and sympathize with the operations and lot of others is a condition of common purpose which only education can procure†. (Martin 2003) References Hickman, Larry. (1992). John Dewey's Pragmatic Technology. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Martin, Jay. (2003). The Education of John Dewey. USA: Columbia University Press.